{"id":1251,"date":"2026-03-22T21:25:41","date_gmt":"2026-03-22T21:25:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prettyhealthcare.com.ng\/blog\/?p=1251"},"modified":"2026-03-22T21:27:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T21:27:17","slug":"genotype-test-before-marriage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prettyhealthcare.com.ng\/blog\/genotype-test-before-marriage\/","title":{"rendered":"Why You Should Test Your Genotype Before Marriage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In Nigeria, the conversation around genotype compatibility has become more common, but it still does not happen early enough or often enough. Every year, couples discover they are genotype-incompatible only after they are already deeply in love, engaged, or even married. Some find out only after the birth of a child living with sickle cell disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is not about fear. It is about giving you the information you need to make one of the most important decisions of your life with your eyes open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Is a Genotype?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Your genotype refers to the genetic makeup you inherited from your parents, specifically, in this context, the type of haemoglobin genes you carry. Haemoglobin is the protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen around your body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two main types of haemoglobin genes relevant to this discussion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Haemoglobin A (HbA)<\/strong>: \u00a0the normal, healthy type<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Haemoglobin S (HbS)<\/strong>: the sickle cell variant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Haemoglobin C (HbC)<\/strong>: a less common variant, also relevant in some cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Everyone inherits two haemoglobin genes, one from each parent. The combination of those two genes determines your genotype.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Main Genotypes and What They Mean<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Genotype<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What It Means<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AA<\/strong><\/td><td>Normal carries two healthy haemoglobin genes. No sickle cell trait or disease.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AS<\/strong><\/td><td>Sickle cell trait carries one normal gene and one sickle gene. Generally healthy but is a carrier.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SS<\/strong><\/td><td>Sickle cell disease \u2014 carries two sickle genes. Has full sickle cell anaemia (SCA).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AC<\/strong><\/td><td>Carries one normal gene and one haemoglobin C gene. Usually healthy but is a carrier.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SC<\/strong><\/td><td>Carries one sickle gene and one C gene. A form of sickle cell disease, often milder than SS.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>CC<\/strong><\/td><td>Carries two haemoglobin C genes. Can cause haemoglobin C disease.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The genotypes of greatest concern in Nigeria are <strong>AA, AS, and SS<\/strong> &#8211; because sickle cell disease (SS) is extremely common here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Genotype Compatibility Matters Before Marriage<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When two people have children together, each parent passes one of their two haemoglobin genes to the child. The child&#8217;s genotype is determined by chance, like a coin flip each time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is what that means in practice:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AA + AA:<\/strong> All children will be AA. No risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AA + AS:<\/strong> Children have a 50% chance of being AA and 50% chance of being AS. No child will have sickle cell disease. Low risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AS + AS:<\/strong> This is the most critical combination in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>25% chance of AA (normal)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>50% chance of AS (carrier)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>25% chance of SS (sickle cell disease)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Every pregnancy carries a 1 in 4 chance of producing a child with sickle cell disease. Over multiple children, the probability accumulates significantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AS + SS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>50% chance of AS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>50% chance of SS<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Half of all children from this union are likely to have sickle cell disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SS + SS:<\/strong> All children will have SS sickle cell disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicklecellfoundation.com\/\"> Sickle Cell Foundation Nigeria<\/a>, Nigeria has the highest burden of sickle cell disease in the world, with approximately <strong>150,000 babies born with sickle cell disease in Nigeria every year.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Is Sickle Cell Disease?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a serious, lifelong inherited blood disorder. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible, moving easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell disease, red blood cells become rigid and crescent-shaped (like a sickle). These misshapen cells get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow and oxygen delivery to organs and tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Painful crises<\/strong>: sudden, severe episodes of pain in the chest, joints, abdomen, or bones that can last hours or days<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anaemia<\/strong>: chronic shortage of healthy red blood cells causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stroke<\/strong>: blocked blood flow to the brain, which can occur even in young children<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Organ damage<\/strong>: the spleen, kidneys, liver, and eyes are all vulnerable to damage over time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Frequent infections<\/strong>: the spleen (a key immune organ) is often damaged early in the disease.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Delayed growth<\/strong> in children<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shortened life expectancy<\/strong>: though with proper medical management, many people with SCD now live into adulthood and beyond<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Living with sickle cell disease requires lifelong medical management, frequent hospital visits, and significant financial and emotional investment from families. Preventing it through informed family planning is far more compassionate than managing it after the fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>&#8220;But We Are Both AS &#8211; We Love Each Other&#8221;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the most difficult conversation in genotype counselling, and it deserves an honest response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Being AS + AS does not mean you cannot be together. It means you are making a decision with full knowledge of what that decision may mean for your children. Some couples in this situation choose to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Proceed and accept the risk<\/strong>: \u00a0some children will be AA or AS, and some may be SS. Many couples make this choice and have children without sickle cell disease. Others are not so fortunate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)<\/strong>: a form of IVF where embryos are tested before implantation to select only those without sickle cell disease. This is available in some Nigerian fertility clinics but is expensive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adopt<\/strong>: a loving and honourable choice that some couples make.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prenatal testing<\/strong>: during pregnancy, tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can determine the genotype of the unborn baby, giving parents information to make decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What is not acceptable is discovering this after the birth of a child already living with the disease, when the choice has already been made by default.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How Is Genotype Testing Done?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Genotype testing is a simple blood test. A small blood sample is taken and analysed in a laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Test name:<\/strong> Haemoglobin electrophoresis (the gold standard) or HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Duration:<\/strong> Results are typically available within 24-72 hours<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cost:<\/strong> Affordable and accessible at most diagnostic labs in Nigeria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Accuracy:<\/strong> Very high when done at a reputable laboratory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A basic genotype test is <strong>not the same as a full sickle cell screen.<\/strong> Make sure your test includes haemoglobin electrophoresis or HPLC, not just a rapid card test, which can be less reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At<a href=\"https:\/\/prettyhealthcare.com.ng\/diagnostics\"> Pretty Healthcare<\/a>, genotype testing is available. You can walk in or book an appointment to get tested individually or as a couple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>When Should You Get Tested?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The earlier, the better.<\/strong> Ideally:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>As a teenager,<\/strong> you know your status long before you are in a serious relationship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Before starting a serious relationship<\/strong> &#8211; not just before marriage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Before proposing or accepting a proposal,<\/strong> genotype compatibility should be part of the conversation early, not an afterthought.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>As part of a pre-marital medical check,<\/strong> along with blood pressure, blood group, HIV status, and hepatitis screening<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In many Nigerian families, the genotype conversation only happens late in the engagement process, sometimes after the introduction ceremony. By then, ending the relationship feels impossible for many couples. The earlier this conversation happens, the more choices you have.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Other Tests to Do Before Marriage<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Genotype testing is one part of a recommended pre-marital screening panel. Others include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Blood group and Rhesus (Rh) factor<\/strong>: Rh incompatibility between mother and baby can cause serious complications in pregnancy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HIV test<\/strong>: knowing your status protects you and your future children<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hepatitis B and C<\/strong>: both are common in Nigeria and can be passed to a spouse or child<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fertility evaluation<\/strong>: for couples who want biological children and want to plan accordingly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blood pressure and blood sugar<\/strong>: establishing a health baseline before marriage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nigeria-Specific Context<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nigeria has the <strong>highest number of sickle cell disease births in the world<\/strong>, approximately 150,000 per year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An estimated <strong>25-30% of Nigerians<\/strong> carry the AS genotype, making compatibility testing critically important<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite awareness campaigns, many Nigerians still do not test before marriage often due to family or social pressure to proceed with a relationship regardless.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Religious and cultural traditions sometimes override medical advice, but more faith communities are now actively encouraging genotype testing as part of pre-marital preparation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Nigerian government has called for mandatory pre-marital genotype testing in several policy discussions, though enforcement remains inconsistent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bottom Line<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Your genotype is not something you can change, but it is something you can know. A simple, affordable blood test done early gives you and your partner the full picture before making a lifelong commitment. In Nigeria, where sickle cell disease affects more families than almost anywhere else in the world, getting tested is not just a personal decision; it is an act of love and responsibility toward the children you may one day bring into the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Book your genotype test or pre-marital screening panel at Pretty Healthcare, Ikeja, Lagos<\/strong>.<a href=\"https:\/\/prettyhealthcare.com.ng\/diagnostics\"> prettyhealthcare.com.ng\/diagnostics<\/a> or chat with our health advisor on WhatsApp. We are open Monday &#8211; Friday: 8am &#8211; 5pm and Saturday: 9am &#8211; 4pm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In Nigeria, the conversation around genotype compatibility has become more common, but it still does not happen early&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1251","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-diagnostics","8":"category-family-health","9":"category-wellness","10":"cs-entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Why You Should Test Your Genotype Before Marriage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In Nigeria, the conversation around genotype compatibility has become more common, but it still does not happen early enough or often enough.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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